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Accounting - Three Major Areas
There are three main functional areas in accounting, which need to be considered in modern day accounting for any business. The three are financial, cost and administration accounting.
The first area, namely financial accounting, is primarily helpful for ascertaining the outcomes of the business on a periodical foundation; for example, one year. This will assist to determine the future plan of action within the lengthy term. In economical terms, financial accounting treats money as a factor of production.
Value and administration accounting are tools to enable management to take selections on a day-to-day basis. Value and management accounting are usually not helpful for his or her own sake. These two features help administration within the conduct of the business along with different key factors involved in running of the business. Key factors might be demand, supply, competition, availability of raw material, logistics etc.
The second space, namely value accounting, seeks to determine the value of direct costs and indirect prices concerned in production . From this value, administration can make an informed resolution relating to the improvement of production performance. In economic terms, price accounting is a measure of financial performance. This info gives management a transparent indication of economic performance of the production resources of the business.
Costing additionally helps the sales manager in setting prices. However since costing is a measure of financial performance, it cannot be considered as an absolutely accurate basis for setting prices. This is because selling prices are more of an economic decision. It could not be amiss to say here that prices rely basically on market factors. Prices rely more on demand, supply and competition and less on costs. For instance, high demand coupled with lack of competition would mean that business could cost higher costs for its products, well above the costs.
The third space, namely management accounting, is intently interrelated with costing accounting. Although it has advanced from value accounting, management accounting has a broader role to play in administration decisions. It measures economic efficiency of the enterprise enterprise as an entire, vis-a-vis the financial setting in which the enterprise operates. This perform of accounting seeks to combine the financial and value info in a broader aspect.
Finally, management accounting is instrumental in helping and advising administration in making essential enterprise decisions. It makes management aware of the economic implications and penalties of their decisions. In financial phrases, it implies an in depth study of money as an financial resource, while concurrently treating it as a measure of financial performance. This enables administration to measure it as an economic factor of production, e.g. the rate of return on capital employed.
It's thus seen that accounting has a definite function to play in three totally different areas, which are equally vital. With the advent of computerised accounting, it has change into very easy for administration to monitor the accounting data on the information of its fingers. Financial accounting programs enable monetary statements and various value and MIS statements to be produced virtually instantly at push of a button. Now, only the laborious part of accounting is data entry. Financial managers must be certain that meaningful data is input into the system to produce meaningful information. Proper categorisation should be done and keying errors averted in any respect prices, ensuring providing accurate financial info to management.
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